N-Gram 索引
索引原理
NGram BloomFilter 索引和 BloomFilter 索引类似,也是基于 BloomFilter 的跳数索引。
与 BloomFilter 索引不同的是,NGram BloomFilter 索引用于加速文本 LIKE 查询,它存入 BloomFilter 的不是原始文本的值,而是对文本进行 NGram 分词,每个词作为值存入 BloomFilter。对于 LIKE 查询,将 LIKE '%pattern%' 的 pattern 也进行 NGram 分词,判断每个词是否在 BloomFilter 中,如果某个词不在则对应的数据块就不满足 LIKE 条件,可以跳过这部分数据减少IO加速查询。
使用场景
NGram BloomFilter 索引只能加速字符串 LIKE 查询,而且 LIKE pattern 中的连续字符个数要大于等于索引定义的 NGram 中的 N。
NGram BloomFilter 只支持字符串列,只能加速 LIKE 查询。
NGram BloomFilter 索引和 BloomFilter 索引为互斥关系,即同一个列只能设置两者中的一个。
NGram BloomFilter 索引的效果分析,跟 BloomFilter 索引类似。
使用语法
创建 NGram BloomFilter 索引
在建表语句中 COLUMN 的定义之后是索引定义:
INDEX `idx_column_name` (`column_name`) USING NGRAM_BF PROPERTIES("gram_size"="3", "bf_size"="1024") COMMENT 'username ngram_bf index'
语法说明如下:
1. idx_column_name(column_name)
是必须的,column_name
是建索引的列名,必须是前面列定义中出现过的,idx_column_name
是索引名字,必须表级别唯一,建议命名规范:列名前面加前缀 idx_
2. USING NGRAM_BF
是必须的,用于指定索引类型是 NGram BloomFilter 索引
3. PROPERTIES
是可选的,用于指定 NGram BloomFilter 索引的额外属性,目前支持的属性如下:
gram_size:NGram 中的 N,指定 N 个连续字符分词一个词,比如 'an ngram example' 在 N = 3 的时候分成 'an ', 'n n', ' ng', 'ngr', 'gra', 'ram' 6 个词。
bf_size:BloomFilter 的大小,单位是 Bit。bf_size 决定每个数据块对应的索引大小,这个值越大占用存储空间越大,同时 Hash 碰撞的概率也越低。
gram_size 建议取 LIKE 查询的字符串最小长度,但是不建议低于 2。一般建议设置 "gram_size"="3", "bf_size"="1024",然后根据 Query Profile 调优。
4. COMMENT
是可选的,用于指定索引注释
查看 NGram BloomFilter 索引
SHOW CREATE TABLE table_ngrambf;
删除 NGram BloomFilter 索引
ALTER TABLE table_ngrambf DROP INDEX idx_ngrambf;
修改 NGram BloomFilter 索引
CREATE INDEX idx_column_name2(column_name2) ON table_ngrambf USING NGRAM_BF PROPERTIES("gram_size"="3", "bf_size"="1024") COMMENT 'username ngram_bf index';
ALTER TABLE table_ngrambf ADD INDEX idx_column_name2(column_name2) USING NGRAM_BF PROPERTIES("gram_size"="3", "bf_size"="1024") COMMENT 'username ngram_bf index';
使用示例
以亚马逊产品的用户评论信息的数据集 amazon_reviews 为例展示 NGram BloomFilter 索引的使用和效果。
建表
CREATE TABLE `amazon_reviews` (
`review_date` int(11) NULL,
`marketplace` varchar(20) NULL,
`customer_id` bigint(20) NULL,
`review_id` varchar(40) NULL,
`product_id` varchar(10) NULL,
`product_parent` bigint(20) NULL,
`product_title` varchar(500) NULL,
`product_category` varchar(50) NULL,
`star_rating` smallint(6) NULL,
`helpful_votes` int(11) NULL,
`total_votes` int(11) NULL,
`vine` boolean NULL,
`verified_purchase` boolean NULL,
`review_headline` varchar(500) NULL,
`review_body` string NULL
) ENGINE=OLAP
DUPLICATE KEY(`review_date`)
COMMENT 'OLAP'
DISTRIBUTED BY HASH(`review_date`) BUCKETS 16
PROPERTIES (
"replication_allocation" = "tag.location.default: 1",
"compression" = "ZSTD"
);
导入数据
用 wget 或者其他工具从下面的地址下载数据集
https://datasets-documentation.s3.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/amazon_reviews/amazon_reviews_2010.snappy.parquet
https://datasets-documentation.s3.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/amazon_reviews/amazon_reviews_2011.snappy.parquet
https://datasets-documentation.s3.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/amazon_reviews/amazon_reviews_2012.snappy.parquet
https://datasets-documentation.s3.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/amazon_reviews/amazon_reviews_2013.snappy.parquet
https://datasets-documentation.s3.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/amazon_reviews/amazon_reviews_2014.snappy.parquet
https://datasets-documentation.s3.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/amazon_reviews/amazon_reviews_2015.snappy.parquet
用 stream load 导入数据
curl --location-trusted -u root: -T amazon_reviews_2010.snappy.parquet -H "format:parquet" http://127.0.0.1:8030/api/${DB}/amazon_reviews/_stream_load
curl --location-trusted -u root: -T amazon_reviews_2011.snappy.parquet -H "format:parquet" http://127.0.0.1:8030/api/${DB}/amazon_reviews/_stream_load
curl --location-trusted -u root: -T amazon_reviews_2012.snappy.parquet -H "format:parquet" http://127.0.0.1:8030/api/${DB}/amazon_reviews/_stream_load
curl --location-trusted -u root: -T amazon_reviews_2013.snappy.parquet -H "format:parquet" http://127.0.0.1:8030/api/${DB}/amazon_reviews/_stream_load
curl --location-trusted -u root: -T amazon_reviews_2014.snappy.parquet -H "format:parquet" http://127.0.0.1:8030/api/${DB}/amazon_reviews/_stream_load
curl --location-trusted -u root: -T amazon_reviews_2015.snappy.parquet -H "format:parquet" http://127.0.0.1:8030/api/${DB}/amazon_reviews/_stream_load
SQL 运行 count() 确认导入数据成功
mysql> SELECT COUNT() FROM amazon_reviews;
+-----------+
| count(*) |
+-----------+
| 135589433 |
+-----------+
查询
首先在没有索引的时候运行查询,WHERE 条件中有 LIKE,耗时7.60s
SELECT
product_id,
any(product_title),
AVG(star_rating) AS rating,
COUNT() AS count
FROM
amazon_reviews
WHERE
review_body LIKE '%is super awesome%'
GROUP BY
product_id
ORDER BY
count DESC,
rating DESC,
product_id
LIMIT 5;
+------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------+
| product_id | any_value(product_title) | rating | count |
+------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------+
| B00992CF6W | Minecraft | 4.8235294117647056 | 17 |
| B009UX2YAC | Subway Surfers | 4.7777777777777777 | 9 |
| B00DJFIMW6 | Minion Rush: Despicable Me Official Game | 4.875 | 8 |
| B0086700CM | Temple Run | 5 | 6 |
| B00KWVZ750 | Angry Birds Epic RPG | 5 | 6 |
+------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------+
5 rows in set (7.60 sec)
然后添加 NGram BloomFilter 索引,再次运行相同的查询耗时0.93s,性能提升了8倍
ALTER TABLE amazon_reviews ADD INDEX review_body_ngram_idx(review_body) USING NGRAM_BF PROPERTIES("gram_size"="10", "bf_size"="10240");
+------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------+
| product_id | any_value(product_title) | rating | count |
+------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------+
| B00992CF6W | Minecraft | 4.8235294117647056 | 17 |
| B009UX2YAC | Subway Surfers | 4.7777777777777777 | 9 |
| B00DJFIMW6 | Minion Rush: Despicable Me Official Game | 4.875 | 8 |
| B0086700CM | Temple Run | 5 | 6 |
| B00KWVZ750 | Angry Birds Epic RPG | 5 | 6 |
+------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.93 sec)